Chinese historical ceramic firing

Early as a thousand years before the European master porcelain technology, China has been able to create a very fine porcelain. From the history of the development of China's ceramic term "ceramic" split in two for pottery and porcelain two categories. The development of traditional Chinese ceramics, experienced a fairly long historical period, the types of complex special process, so in addition to hard targets to consider the technical classification of Chinese traditional ceramic, also need comprehensive consideration has always been the traditional habit classification method, combined with changes in the understanding of ancient and modern science and technology, in order to more effectively draw the categorized conclusion.

From the the legendary Huangdi Yao Shun and up to the Xia Dynasty (about 21th century BC - BC 16th century), painted pottery to mark its development. Typical Yangshao and a slightly later found in Gansu Majiayao and your family culture, etc., after the liberation of in Xi'an Banpo prehistoric sites unearthed a large number of exquisitely painted pottery, it is amazing. According to legend, Yao Chuan world Shun Shun the earth Xiayu Yu then passed to his son, began the so-called "home world". The summer spread Jie, tyranny is no way, Shang Dynasty to then proclaimed himself emperor, so a crusade to gain power, from soup to start. The supplier was the world rule of 600 years (about 16th century BC - 11th century BC, before and after), until King Zhou. After the conquest of King Wu, King Zhou commit suicide, so the world is attributed to the week. Zhou dynasty during the reign of roughly the 11th century BC to 221 BC, in fact, the effective rule had ended in 771 BC. Known as the Warring States period, 475 BC - 221 BC to 221 BC, the Qin Dynasty, the rise of the great unification of China began Qin Dynasty lasted only to the public 206 years before the Han Dynasty was replaced. Thousands of hundreds of years, in addition to the daily food and beverage containers, the material used in sacrificial rituals greatly developed.

Creative material for artists and artisans from the Han Dynasty between 206 BC to 220 AD, is no longer in jade and metal, pottery have been more precise attention. During this period, the firing skills develop more kin consistent glazed pottery generally, the word "porcelain" began to appear in Chinese characters. At the same time, the trade routes through Xinjiang, Persia, Syria, China and the Roman Empire began to date, prompting the exchange of cultural exchanges between the East and the West, can also be seen from this period of ceramic artifacts outside influences clues. Buddhism into China to at this time.



The Six Dynasties (AD 220 - 581), the rapid rise of the Buddhist art of ceramics also had a corresponding impact on this quarter sculptures leaving obvious traces. In 581 AD, the Sui Dynasty to win the power to the end of the long north-south split situation, but only to rule 618 Don replaced.

Tang Dynasty (AD 618 to AD 970) was considered a great period in the history of Chinese art. The huge ceramic technology improvements, many varieties of fine china large numbers, that is, to use today's technology Kam measurement standards to measure, they also regarded real quality porcelain. The late Tang chaos, the hero actually since the ensuing is a dynasty contention situation, namely the Five Dynasties, this situation continued until 960 AD. Successive years of the war, but a new ceramic varieties - firewood kiln porcelain texture superior widely spread is extremely rare, but handed down.



Ceramics to the Song Dynasty (960 - 1279) has been booming, Europe and Southeast Asia in a lot of output. To Jun, Ru, officer, brother, as the representatives of a number of their special characteristics famous kilns rise throughout the country, products increasingly rich color varieties. Northeast (Liaoning), the Khitan tribe and Jurchen invasion (DRC), the Song rulers were forced across the border, off again after were Mongolian. The Year in 1280, Yuan dynasty establish, Shu Fu kiln appears Jingdezhen became the Chinese ceramic industry center, its notoriety around the world. Jingdezhen produced porcelain with underglaze blue decoration in stark contrast to the blue and white porcelain since kiheung culture in various historical period has been very popular.



Ming Dynasty ruled from 1368 until 1644. During this period, Jingdezhen ceramics industry in the world is absolutely the best, exclusive a prominent place on the level of technology and art to the point, especially blue and white porcelain reached its peak. In addition, Fujian Dehua kiln, Zhejiang Longquan Kiln Cizhou Hebei respective styles of high quality ceramic renowned world. With the last Ming emperor committed suicide in 1644, Li Zicheng led a peasant uprising army invaded Beijing. Entry from the the Sangui Zhao Manchu army to destruction of the 1911 Qing court, Manchu rule vertical two hundred years. Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong three generations considered the whole the most glorious period under the rule of the Qing Dynasty ceramics, much more complex technology products appear unusually rich variety of color glazes and glaze color. To the late Qing Dynasty, the government corruption fading fortunes, the poverty of the people, China's ceramic industry increasingly degraded.



After the founding of the Republic, around the country have set up some ceramic research institutions, except followed the previous generation, but the product is simple to copy the design of some foreign, there is no development to speak of. The beginning of the Republic, the warlord Yuan Shikai attempted restoration of the monarchy, had a special group of "Hongxian" reign inscription porcelain, the porcelain ware is technically nothing less fine pastels, old style. Frequent due to the civil war, foreign invasion, hard times, the entire ceramics industry is also a comprehensive defeat, does not appear until before the founding of New China, the products of the world's attention.

Ceramic Production Process

1.Scouring mud kaolin is the best material for firing porcelain, thousands of years, the number of fine ceramic evolved from these humble porcelain clay, the porcelain first step: Amoy mud, is scouring into china clay available porcelain clay.

2.Pile of mud Amoy good porcelain clay and can not be used immediately, to be split open to pile into columnar, in order to store and throwing.

3.Throwing the pile of the good porcelain mud into the Big Wheel, by rotating the dial, hand tools and casting, ceramic mud pulled into a porcelain bodies.

4.India billet pull good porcelain bodies is just a prototype, also need to select a different impression do shape porcelain blanks printed in a variety of different shapes.

5.Blank repair just printed rough uneven thickness, this process need to repair blank printed blank repair scraping neat and well-proportioned, repair blank is divided into wet repair and dry repair.

6.Flick the water flick of the water is an essential process, with water to wash away the dust of the ground in the blanks on the ready for the next drawing blanks, glazing processes.

7.Drawing blanks in the blanks on the painting is a major feature of ceramic art, drawing blanks have a good variety, freehand, posted a good drawing paper sketch, no matter how drawing blanks are the crowning touch of the ceramic process.

8.Glazed painting good porcelain blanks, the rough but stay astringent, Shanghao glaze is completely different, smooth and bright: different glazed practices, there are completely different effect, commonly glazed dip glaze cream glaze, swing glaze spray glaze, brush glaze.

9.IX the burning kiln Millennium kiln fire, stretches endless, after dozens of procedures crafted porcelain bodies in the kiln to withstand the 1000 degree heat Shaolian, like an ugly duckling of a beauty line will reach Swan. Now kiln gas kiln, electric kilns (heating method).

10.Into the porcelain after several days of Shaolian kiln porcelain bodies turned into pieces of fine porcelain, can not wait to stand out from the kiln door open.

11.Into porcelain repair of defects, a perfect porcelain sometimes burn out to have a flawless repair with JS916-2 (Jin Su Cheng), can be let into the porcelain perfect.

Classic Ceramic Design 2013

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What is the ceramic ornamentation

In ancient China, after nearly a thousand years of ceramic culture and technology development, the development of ceramic artifacts about from texture and ornamentation small for everyone to explain comb ceramic texture and ornamentation

"Harmony intention" of the Qing Dynasty porcelain patterns. Ruyi, one of the monks with preaching when multi-purpose. Buddhists Sheet contains: "wishful of the system to cover the heart of the table also, so the the Bodhisattva executive of like a cloud leaves". Folk as a pet mascot. The "Lang ring in mind" set: "the Xiyou poor soil, multi Judging case of priests presented a wishful, worldly desired, in one fell swoop of are, then wishful due that name also." Porcelain painted lotus (and), the box (Hop), Ganoderma lucidum (wishful), a symbol of harmony wishful. "

"Feast Figure" porcelain decoration. Popular in the Qing Dynasty. Feast describe many wealth. "I": "Feast, Mo to keep." Later known as the Feast rich scholarship of the people. Shi reward reputation "contains:" Wang Nagao (Wang Meng) so-called forest public (the residence), long (Liu Dan) for the Feast ". The fish with jade tone Qing Dynasty porcelain painted goldfish analogy Jinyumantang.



"Champion the map" porcelain ornamentation. Fishes, legendary sea turtle (turtle). Said the shape of the dragon, good swallow fire, so the stand roof. Yiming quite clams, good wind and rain, saddled Penglai Mountain in the sea. Tang and Song dynasties order of Emperor Dianqian Majesty Juan the giant ao, Imperial Academy, Chengzhi official to appear before the emperor, stand in the middle of the Majesty order, it said in the Imperial Academy on aotou. "Yu Hu Qing words" contains: "the seat main Dengyong return protégé batch Chao Li Ao head." Said the champion and as champion. This figure painted in the Ming and Qing porcelain, fine Kangxi products.

"The birthday chart" porcelain decorative themes. The Kangxi When quite popular. The contents of West Queen Mother's birthday "," Gods Samsung "Eight Immortals Qingshou", "long life", "Sau Tao," double dragon Shou "," Lotus Babao care Shou ". Some bowls, plates decorated a useful "Hyakuhisa pattern consisting of one hundred different shaped Longevity. In addition, some pot full control Shou-shaped, and combine the meaning of a birthday.

Porcelain decorative patterns popular in the lotus pattern of the Northern and Southern one. Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, lotus flowers are often used as the theme decoration of porcelain, bowl, cup, bowl, and the outer wall of the disc or mark rifling Yang Lin, some disk center decorated Penglai pattern resembles a blooming lotus. See also carved set up a body like the lotus, such as: the Northern and Southern Dynasties Yang the overlying Lotus respect, the Five Dynasties, lotus-shaped lamps and other care. Song Dynasty becomes secondary ornamentation. Yuan to the Qing Dynasty, lotus pattern changes more Lotus Scroll, and Lin and often animal patterns together, such as: Lotus Pond the waterfowl, Lianchi fish, and so on.



"The seawater pattern" one of the porcelain decoration. Popular in the Song Dynasty. Seawater layout to circle the form of more than eight or ten laps, center for the sea thread or decorated flower. Each kiln has a rather different style.

Sea dragons porcelain decorative patterns one. Popular in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Screen the valley of death come and go in the stormy sea. The bucket color sea dragons dragon body with a blue and white outline filled with yellow color, line cloud and sea water are blue and white and green color waves not SHICIE, showing Concerto days of momentum.

Indus Figure "one of the patterns of the Qing Dynasty porcelain is said that the Department of porcelain artists the Chinese Wang Bo" Teng Wang Ge preface poetic, Jiangxi Eight "in Chapter Jiangmen and Teng Wang Ge combination King gradually evolved, on the Indus attracted Quotes of the Phoenix ", said this picture shows the" Indus ". Screen scene, objects, everyone prepared like a Jiangnan fisheries, lumbering, farming, reading the landscape genre painting, edge decorated with brocade pattern, supplemented with beaded decoration, the middle decorated with auspicious symbols, "Eight patterns. The entire screen rigorous composition, complex but not chaotic.



"Children at play pattern porcelain decorated children playing, the screen play. First appeared in the Tang Dynasty Changsha Kiln, with brown painted shed in sub-note a shoulder lotus stick handle streamers fat baby, cover green glazed. Song and Jin Dynasties, Yaozhou, Ding, jiexiu kiln, Jingdezhen kiln, Cizhou have children at play such as grain products. Decorative methods of characterization, printing, painting. Lad play flower pattern, double infant boating, riding a bamboo horse drawn gyro, fishing, play bird, Cuju catch the duck, put the quail, tree climbing fold flower, concise and smooth strokes, composition lively. Ming and Qing very popular.

"Children at play if one of the children at play pattern. Printing is seen as the Ding Song Dynasty. Three children a ride on the branches of the tree, and sit in the branches, a stand on the tree branches, tree climbing pulled, peach, pomegranate, loquat, sweet and innocent.

"The eyes see hi map porcelain decorative themes. Prevailed in the Qing Dynasty. Screen to move the plant to main content homophonic or ideographic highlight the word "hi". Such as: painting Indus, magpie, "with hi. The four painted smile boy, "Four gratifying. Painted a leopard, a magpie, said the "good news". Painted two magpies, a coins, said "hi in front. The painted two boy smiling faces relative, "HUMONGUS. Painted plum shoot down one magpie "very happy". Painted an irrigation badgers, magpies, "joy heaven and earth. The painted a hi spider sagging, "Xicongtianxiang,. Painted two magpies, "Double Happiness".



"Gods Qing Dynasty porcelain decorative theme. The picture painted bats, deer peach or pine, cranes, birthday elderly. Bats, deer tone with "rich", "Paul", representing wealth and temporal power, loose, Crane, peach, birthday blending the meaning of longevity. This figure also known as "Samsung". The porcelain decorated this figure, a symbol of blessing, Lu, Shou Samsung is high, to express the good wishes of the people of the world.

Interlocking pattern the porcelain most common patterns. Prevailed in after the Yuan Dynasty. Ming Dynasty, or "turn sticks to the plant Zhigan or vine for skeleton, extending to up and down, left and right to form a wave-wire second continuous or Quartet continuous cycle mildly flowing, endless variations Lotus Scroll Peony, Interlocking grass vine fall into this category.

The "gluttonous gluttonous pattern" also known as Animal Mask. Gluttonous gluttonous animals is a myth, the facial characteristics of both cattle, sheep, tigers, bears and other animals, hideous. "Annals" Zhou Ding gluttonous gluttonous first no body, "the records and names. Ming and Qing porcelain Ding, see you in the porcelain furnace imitation Shang and Zhou bronze gluttonous gluttonous pattern printing, engraving, painting and other decorative techniques.



Xi love Geese common ornamentation, one of the Ming and Qing porcelain. Wang Xizhi is the Eastern Jin outstanding calligrapher. Master calligraphy skills to develop the habit of "love goose. He realize the pen the geese line water action. Once the cost of writing a "moral" in exchange for the Shan Yin Daoshi geese. Posterity Xi love geese. Xi's love in the the Ming Chenghua doucai the Goldsmith cup on the Geese the Wang Xizhi head, hands and lower body clothing are filled with blue-and-white, upper body clothing outline alum red. Tonger holding books and other parts Apart from clothes to fill into the water green with blue and white hook fill goose as ocher, the contour with blue and white tick. Water, weeping willows, moss point, slope, stone, grass and bamboo are blue and white mainly, or filling the corresponding color. The composition is very beautiful.

"The unicorn SongZi Figure" porcelain decoration. Ancient Kirin deemed auspicious, a rare thing, and with "rare" to describe a rare and precious thing. The Qing Dynasty congratulations to the family and friends to a son, often on painting unicorn SongZi Figure in porcelain or apartment "Early Takako, blessing growth Takako meaning.

What is the Ceramic ?

Ceramic clay raw materials, Barren raw materials and flux materials appropriate ratio, grinding, molding, and after a series of physical and chemical reactions in the case of high-temperature baking, the formation of a hard substance. Ceramic glazing and not glazing.

Glazing ceramic surface glaze is the nature of substances like glass, it is not only plays a decorative effect, but can also improve the mechanical strength of the ceramic, the performance of the surface hardness and resistance to chemical attack, while the glaze is smooth glass material, the pores rarely easy to clear dirt, convenience to use.



Below the glaze layer is a ceramics preform, the preform is generated after high temperature calcination crystal phase, a glass phase, quartz raw material does not participate in the reaction and stomatal group Sheng. Crystalline phase material is possible to improve the physical and chemical properties of the ceramic products, such as enhanced mechanical strength, abrasion resistance and thermal stability, etc., but it is poor translucent section rough. The glass phases substances filled in the crystal phase the substance around into a coherent whole and improve the overall performance of the ceramic, but the glass phase is a brittle, thermal stability and wear resistance is poor, so the glass phase to be controlled within a certain range.



The glass phase is possible to improve the light transmittance of the ceramic, so that the cross-sectional delicate. Not participate in the reaction quartz called free quartz preform containing a certain amount of free quartz performance between the body and the layer of glaze on the surface of it can be closer, better binding, but free quartz content is not too high, too high the poor thermal stability, causes the ceramic and difficulties bring to calcination. The stomatal exists among the ceramic, so that the refractive emitted reduced, reduction in strength, water absorption increases.



Thus making the formulation design, must take a variety of ingredients to figure out, to make the calcined ceramic containing various phase components to meet the requirements.

Effort ceramic burst instantly

As if the tissue of ceramic lamps